Bipolar mood disorder refers to a spectrum of disorders which range in severity. The core characteristic of Bipolar is the extremes of mood which are experienced; depression and mania/hypomania. Most individuals are diagnosed in their 20’s.

A depressive episode may be characterised by a low or tearful mood, feelings of hopelessness, social withdrawal and inability to experience enjoyment. They may also experience sleep disturbances and appetite changes. A manic episode is characterised by either a euphoric, irritable or elevated mood. In addition, the person may experience inflated self confidence, distractibility, talkativeness and sleep disturbances. Hypomanic symptoms are very similar but differentiated by being less severe and less debilitating than manic symptoms.

An individual with Bipolar mood disorder may have one episode of mania with one or several episodes of depression OR one episode of hypomania with one/many episodes of depression. The time interval between episodes varies among individuals and can range from years to weeks.

Bipolar mood disorder type 1 is characterised by at least one manic episode. The individual may not be aware of the severity of their symptoms or be unwilling to acknowledge symptoms because the euphoric mood may be experienced as enjoyable and associated with creativity or increased productivity. However, manic episodes will eventually fizzle out and often end with a “crash” in mood. In addition, mania may be associated with self-destructive behavior which in turn may draw concern from loved ones.

Bipolar type 2 is characterised by frequent and severe depressive episodes.

Hospital admission may be necessary in either type of bipolar disorder.

Bipolar mood disorders are largely genetic disorders where individuals with a positive first degree family history have an increased risk of developing the disorder.

Treatment

Treatment includes a combination of medication and psychotherapy. In addition, adopting a healthy lifestyle with minimal caffeine and alcohol intake, regular schedules, adequate sleep and exercise will assist in reduced risk of relapse.